Fundamentals of turbulent flow spectrum imaging.
Hannes DillingerCharles McGrathChristian GuenthnerSebastian KozerkePublished in: Magnetic resonance in medicine (2021)
To address systematic underestimation of turbulence parameters using bipolar velocity-encoding gradients in phase-contrast MRI of stenotic flows with short correlation times, tailored velocity-compensated gradients are proposed to improve quantitative mapping of turbulent blood flow characteristics.