Antibiotic resistance in the microbiota of periodontitis patients: an update of current findings.

Systemic antibiotics are an effective adjunct in the treatment of periodontitis, but their judicious use is necessary as antimicrobial resistance is a growing global concern. This review aims to explore the current understanding and insight related to antibiotic resistance in the subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed) was carried out from 1 January 2012 to 25 November 2021 for studies related to antibiotic resistance in periodontitis patients. Of the 90 articles identified, 12 studies were selected for inclusion. A significant incidence of antibiotic resistant isolates was reported for Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia , Prevotella denticola , Prevotella melaninogenica , Fusobacterium nucleatum , Tanerella forsythia , Aggretibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Streptococcus constellatus , Streptococcus intermedius , and Parvimonas micra, but resistance to specific antibiotics did not reach above 10% of isolates in most studies except for amoxicillin resistance in Aggretibacter actinomycetemcomitans . The highest frequency of resistance across all bacterial species was for amoxicillin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. However, resistance patterns were widely variable across geographical locations, and the high heterogeneity between antibiotic-resistant isolates across studies precludes any clinical recommendations from this study. Although antibiotic resistance has yet to reach critical levels in periodontitis patients, an emphasis on antibiotic stewardship interventions such as point-of-care diagnostics and education for key stakeholders is needed to curb a growing problem.