Phenylboronic Ester-Bridged Chitosan/Myricetin Nanomicelle for Penetrating the Endothelial Barrier and Regulating Macrophage Polarization and Inflammation against Ischemic Diseases.

The brain and liver are more susceptible to ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI), which triggers the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and inflammatory cascade and results in severe neuronal damage or hepatic injury. Moreover, the damaged endothelial barrier contributes to proinflammatory activity and limits the delivery of therapeutic agents such as some macromolecules and nanomedicine despite the integrity being disrupted after IRI. Herein, we constructed a phenylboronic-decorated chitosan-based nanoplatform to deliver myricetin, a multifunctional polyphenol molecule for the treatment of cerebral and hepatic ischemia. The chitosan-based nanostructures are widely studied cationic carriers for endothelium penetration such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and sinusoidal endothelial barrier (SEB). The phenylboronic ester was chosen as the ROS-responsive bridging segment for conjugation and selective release of myricetin molecules, which meanwhile scavenged the overexpressed ROS in the inflammatory environment. The released myricetin molecules fulfill a variety of roles including antioxidation through multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups, inhibition of the inflammatory cascade by regulation of the macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, and endothelial injury repairment. Taken together, our present study provides valuable insight into the development of efficient antioxidant and anti-inflammatory platforms for potential application against ischemic disease.