A 3D printable tissue adhesive.

Tissue adhesives are promising alternatives to sutures and staples for joining tissues, sealing defects, and immobilizing devices. However, existing adhesives mostly take the forms of glues or hydrogels, which offer limited versatility. We report a direct-ink-write 3D printable tissue adhesive which can be used to fabricate bioadhesive patches and devices with programmable architectures, unlocking new potential for application-specific designs. The adhesive is conformable and stretchable, achieves robust adhesion with wet tissues within seconds, and exhibits favorable biocompatibility. In vivo rat trachea and colon defect models demonstrate the fluid-tight tissue sealing capability of the printed patches, which maintained adhesion over 4 weeks. Moreover, incorporation of a blood-repelling hydrophobic matrix enables the printed patches to seal actively bleeding tissues. Beyond wound closure, the 3D printable adhesive has broad applicability across various tissue-interfacing devices, highlighted through representative proof-of-concept designs. Together, this platform offers a promising strategy toward developing advanced tissue adhesive technologies.