HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes.
Bianca Maria NastriPasquale PaglianoCarla ZannellaVeronica FollieroAlfonso MasulloLuca RinaldiMassimiliano GaldieroGianluigi FranciPublished in: Microorganisms (2023)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a human viral infectious disease caused by the positive-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (Retroviridae family, Ortervirales order). HIV-1 can be distinguished into various worldwide spread groups and subtypes. HIV-2 also causes human immunodeficiency, which develops slowly and tends to be less aggressive. HIV-2 only partially homologates to HIV-1 despite the similar derivation. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the treatment approved to control HIV infection, based on multiple antiretroviral drugs that belong to different classes: (i) NNRTIs, (ii) NRTIs, (iii) PIs, (iv) INSTIs, and (v) entry inhibitors. These drugs, acting on different stages of the HIV life cycle, decrease the patient's total burden of HIV, maintain the function of the immune system, and prevent opportunistic infections. The appearance of several strains resistant to these drugs, however, represents a problem today that needs to be addressed as best as we can. New outbreaks of strains show a widespread geographic distribution and a highly variable mortality rate, even affecting treated patients significantly. Therefore, novel treatment approaches should be explored. The present review discusses updated information on HIV-1- and HIV-2-resistant strains, including details on different mutations responsible for drug resistance.
Keyphrases
- antiretroviral therapy
- human immunodeficiency virus
- hiv infected
- hiv positive
- hiv aids
- hiv infected patients
- hepatitis c virus
- hiv testing
- drug resistant
- men who have sex with men
- escherichia coli
- endothelial cells
- infectious diseases
- coronary artery disease
- sars cov
- cardiovascular disease
- multidrug resistant
- social media
- risk factors
- cardiovascular events
- health information
- life cycle