An overview of current and emerging diagnostic, staging and prognostic markers for prostate cancer.

Over-diagnosis and difficulties in prognosticating clinical outcome among patients with similar histological and clinical parameters often lead to over- or under-treatment. New markers will probably be used with clinical and histopathological features as well as imaging diagnostics to capture the comprehensive biology and clinical behavior of PCa. New biomarkers open the avenue to avoid mpMRI with targeted biopsy in the future, thereby sparing risks and pitfalls associated with this approach. Before this utopia becomes reality, the panel of technologically complementary markers need to prove that they are better, cheaper, and faster than current strategies.