Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia on Ultrafine Sn Nanoparticles.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) at ambient conditions is a promising route for ammonia (NH 3 ) synthesis but still suffers from low activity and selectivity. Here, ultrafine Sn nanoparticles (NPs) grown on carbon blacks (Sn SC /C) have been synthesized through a wet-chemical method using sodium citrate dehydrate as a stabilizing agent. Benefiting from the small sizes of Sn NPs, the Sn SC /C catalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for NRR with a high Faradaic efficiency of 22.76% and an NH 3 yield rate of 17.28 μg h -1 mg -1 in the 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte, outperforming many reported electrocatalysts for NRR under similar conditions. Density functional theory calculation results reveal that the potential-determining step on Sn NPs is the generation of NHNH* through simultaneous hydrogenation of N 2 * by a H* and a H + /e - pair via Langmuir-Hinshelwood plus Eley-Rideal mechanisms.