Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in a 3D system produce higher concentration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with increased complexity and enhanced neuronal growth properties.

This study highlights considerable differences in EVs obtained from different culture microenvironments, which could have implications for their therapeutic effects and potency. The 3D culture system seems to provide a preferred environment that modulates the paracrine function of the cells and the release of a higher number of EVs with enhanced biophysical properties and functions in the context of neurite elongation and growth.