The silent pandemic in South Africa: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis from head to heel.
Camilla Engela Le RouxSucari S C VlokPublished in: SA journal of radiology (2021)
Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of communicable disease-related deaths in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide and in South Africa. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disseminates haematogenously from an active primary lung focus and may affect extra-pulmonary sites in up to 15% of patients. Extra-pulmonary TB may present with a normal chest radiograph, which often causes a significant diagnostic dilemma. This review describes the main sites of involvement in EPTB, which is illustrated by local imaging examples.
Keyphrases
- pulmonary tuberculosis
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- human immunodeficiency virus
- south africa
- hiv positive
- antiretroviral therapy
- hepatitis c virus
- hiv infected
- pulmonary hypertension
- end stage renal disease
- hiv aids
- coronavirus disease
- ejection fraction
- chronic kidney disease
- sars cov
- prognostic factors
- newly diagnosed
- high resolution
- men who have sex with men
- photodynamic therapy
- fluorescence imaging