Follicular regulatory T cell subsets in mice and humans: origins, antigen specificity and function.
Sophia SokolovaIrina L GrigorovaPublished in: International immunology (2023)
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells play various roles in immune responses, contributing to both positive and negative regulation of foreign-antigen-specific B cell responses, control over autoreactive antibody responses and autoimmunity, and B cell class-switching to IgE and allergy development. Studies conducted on mice uncovered various subsets of CXCR5 +FoxP3 +CD4 + Tfr cells that could differently contribute to immune regulation. Moreover, recent studies of human Tfr cells revealed similar complexity with various subsets of follicular T cells of different origins and immunosuppressive and/or immunostimulatory characteristics. In this review we will overview and compare Tfr subsets currently identified in mice and humans and will discuss their origins and antigen specificity, as well as potential modes of action and contribution to the control of the autoimmune and allergic reactions.
Keyphrases
- induced apoptosis
- cell cycle arrest
- immune response
- peripheral blood
- high fat diet induced
- endothelial cells
- multiple sclerosis
- transcription factor
- signaling pathway
- risk assessment
- oxidative stress
- type diabetes
- skeletal muscle
- metabolic syndrome
- single cell
- inflammatory response
- cell proliferation
- case control
- insulin resistance