Advanced and Complex Energy Systems Monitoring and Control: A Review on Available Technologies and Their Application Criteria.

Complex energy monitoring and control systems have been widely studied as the related topics include different approaches, advanced sensors, and technologies applied to a strongly varying amount of application fields. This paper is a systematic review of what has been done regarding energy metering system issues about (i) sensors, (ii) the choice of their technology and their characterization depending on the application fields, (iii) advanced measurement approaches and methodologies, and (iv) the setup of energy Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The paper provides models about KPI estimation, by highlighting design criteria of complex energy networks. The proposed study is carried out to give useful elements to build models and to simulate in detail energy systems for performance prediction purposes. Some examples of energy complex KPIs based on the integration of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) concept and on basic KPIs or variables are provided in order to define innovative formulation criteria depending on the application field. The proposed examples highlight how modeling a complex KPI as a function of basic variables or KPIs is possible, by means of graph models of architectures.