Enhancing Photocathodic Performances of Particulate-CuGaS 2 -Based Photoelectrodes via Conjugation with Conductive Organic Polymers for Efficient Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production and CO 2 Reduction.

Modification with conductive organic polymers consisting of a thiophane- or pyrrole-based backbone improved the cathodic photocurrent of a particulate-CuGaS 2 -based photoelectrode under simulated solar light. Among these polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was the most effective in the improvements, providing a photocurrent 670 times as high as that of the bare photocathode. An incident-photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) for water reduction to form H 2 under monochromatic light irradiation (450 nm at 0 V vs RHE) was ca. 11%. The most important point is that modification of the conductive organic polymers does not involve any vacuum processes. This importance lies in the use of an electrochemically oxidative polymerization, not in a physical process such as vapor deposition of metal conductors. This is expected to be advantageous in the large-scale application of photocathodes consisting of particulate photocatalyst materials toward industrial solar-hydrogen production using photoelectrochemical-cell-based devices. Artificial photosynthesis of water splitting and CO 2 reduction under simulated solar light was demonstrated by combining the PEDOT-modified CuGaS 2 photocathode with a CoO x -loaded BiVO 4 photoanode. Furthermore, how the cathodic photocurrent of the particulate-CuGaS 2 -based photocathode was drastically improved by the modification was clarified based on various characterizations and control experiments as follows: (1) selectively filling cavities between the particulate CuGaS 2 photocatalysts and a conductive substrate (FTO; fluorine-doped tin oxide) with the polymers and (2) using a large driving force for carrier transportation governed by the polymers' redox potentials adjusted by functional groups.