Laser Direct-Write Sensors on Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone for Smart Orthopedic Implants.

Mechanically close-to-bone carbon-fiber-reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (CFR-PEEK)-based orthopedic implants are rising to compete with metal implants, due to their X-ray transparency, superior biocompatibility, and body-environment stability. While real-time strain assessment of implants is crucial for the postsurgery study of fracture union and failure of prostheses, integrating precise and durable sensors on orthopedic implants remains a great challenge. Herein, a laser direct-write technique is presented to pattern conductive features (minimum sheet resistance <1.7 Ω sq -1 ) on CRF-PEEK-based parts, which can act as strain sensors. The as-fabricated sensors exhibit excellent linearity (R 2  = 0.997) over the working range (0-2.5% strain). While rigid silicon- or metal-based sensor chips have to be packaged onto flat surfaces, all-carbon-based sensors can be written on the complex curved surfaces of CFR-PEEK joints using a portable laser mounted on a six-axis robotic manipulator. A wireless transmission prototype is also demonstrated using a Bluetooth module. Such results will allow a wider space to design sensors (and arrays) for detailed loading progressing monitoring and personalized diagnostic applications.