A systematic review of the application of 3D-printed models to colorectal surgical training.

3D printing is well accepted and effective for anatomic education and preoperative procedural planning amongst colorectal surgeons, trainees and medical students but remains a technology in the early stages of its possible application. Technological advancements are required to improve the tissue realism of 3D-printed organ models to achieve greater fidelity and provide realistic colorectal surgical simulations.