The periosteum: a simple tissue with many faces, with special reference to the antler-lineage periostea.
Chunyi LiPeter FennessyPublished in: Biology direct (2021)
Periosteum is a thin membrane covering bone surfaces and consists of two layers: outer fibrous layer and inner cambium layer. Simple appearance of periosteum has belied its own complexity as a composite structure for physical bone protection, mechano-sensor for sensing mechanical loading, reservoir of biochemical molecules for initiating cascade signaling, niche of osteogenic cells for bone formation and repair, and "umbilical cord" for nourishing bone tissue. Periosteum-derived cells (PDCs) have stem cell attributes: self-renewal (no signs of senescence until 80 population doublings) and multipotency (differentiate into fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and skeletal myocytes). In this review, we summarized the currently available knowledge about periosteum and with special references to antler-lineage periostea, and demonstrated that although periosteum is a type of simple tissue in appearance, with multiple faces in functions; antler-lineage periostea add another dimension to the properties of somatic periostea: capable of initiation of ectopic organ formation upon transplantation and full mammalian organ regeneration when interacted with the covering skin. Very recently, we have translated this finding into other mammals, i.e. successfully induced partial regeneration of the amputated rat legs. We believe further refinement along this line would greatly benefit human health.
Keyphrases
- stem cells
- induced apoptosis
- mesenchymal stem cells
- human health
- umbilical cord
- soft tissue
- bone mineral density
- risk assessment
- cell cycle arrest
- single cell
- bone loss
- adipose tissue
- bone regeneration
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- healthcare
- signaling pathway
- wound healing
- mental health
- cell therapy
- metabolic syndrome
- cell death
- type diabetes
- body composition
- diabetic rats
- extracellular matrix
- gene expression
- staphylococcus aureus
- cell proliferation
- drug induced
- candida albicans