Ageing populations globally are associated with increased musculoskeletal disease, including osteoporosis and sarcopenia. These conditions place a significant burden of disease on the individual, society and the economy. To address this, we need to understand the underpinning biological changes, including stem cell exhaustion, which plays a key role in the ageing of the musculoskeletal system. This review of the recent evidence provides an overview of the associated biological processes. The review utilised the PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Mechanisms of ageing identified involve a reaction to the chronic inflammation and oxidative stress associated with ageing, resulting in progenitor cell senescence and adipogenic differentiation, leading to decreased mass and quality of both bone and muscle tissue. Although the mechanisms underpinning stem cell exhaustion are unclear, it remains a promising avenue through which to identify new strategies for prevention, detection and management.
Keyphrases
- stem cells
- oxidative stress
- bone mineral density
- dna damage
- skeletal muscle
- cell therapy
- public health
- postmenopausal women
- endothelial cells
- high intensity
- mesenchymal stem cells
- quality improvement
- bone marrow
- diabetic rats
- artificial intelligence
- induced apoptosis
- stress induced
- loop mediated isothermal amplification
- genetic diversity