Graphene oxide-induced, reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunctions and apoptosis: high-dose toxicity in normal cells.
Ameer A ImarahMajid Sakhi JabirAli H AboodGhassan M SulaimanSalim AlbukhatyHamdoon A MohammedRiaz A KhanHayder M Al-KuraishyAli Ismail A Al-GareebWaleed K Al-AzzawiMazin A A NajmSabrean F JawadPublished in: Nanomedicine (London, England) (2023)
Aim: The cytotoxic effects of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) using MTT assays, observance of apoptotic markers, and oxidative stress were outlined. Materials & methods: Rat embryonic fibroblasts (REFs) and human epithelial breast cells (HBLs) were used at 250, 500 and 750 μg/ml concentrations. Results: Significant cytotoxic and apoptotic effects were observed. Analyses of CYP2E1 and malondialdehyde concentrations in REF and HBL-100 cell lines after exposing to GONPs confirmed the nanomaterials toxicity. However, the glutathione levels in REF and HBL-100 cell lines showed a substantial reduction compared with the control. The cytochrome CYP2E1, glutathione, malondialdehyde and caspase-3 alterations provided a plausible interlinked relationship. Conclusion: The study confirmed the GONPs cytotoxic effects on REF and HBL-100 cell lines. The outcome suggested caution in wide-spread applications of GONPs, which could have implications for occupational health also.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- induced apoptosis
- cell cycle arrest
- cell death
- diabetic rats
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- oxide nanoparticles
- high dose
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- reactive oxygen species
- dna damage
- endothelial cells
- signaling pathway
- public health
- healthcare
- low dose
- high glucose
- mental health
- high throughput
- anti inflammatory
- cell proliferation
- heat shock
- climate change
- drug induced