Understanding the consequences of education inequality on cardiovascular disease: mendelian randomisation study.
Alice Rose CarterDipender GillNeil M DaviesAmy E TaylorTaavi TillmannJulien VaucherRobyn E WoottonMarcus R MunafòGibran HemaniRainer MalikSudha SeshadriDaniel WooStephen BurgessGeorge Davey SmithMichael V HolmesIoanna TzoulakiLaura D HoweAbbas DehghanPublished in: BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (2019)
BMI, systolic blood pressure, and smoking behaviour mediate a substantial proportion of the protective effect of education on the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and intervening on these would lead to reductions in cases of cardiovascular disease attributable to lower levels of education. However, more than half of the protective effect of education remains unexplained and requires further investigation.