Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in Kenya.

Children's, mothers' and fathers' reports were used to assess whether mothers' and fathers' individualism, collectivism and conformity values are significantly related to parenting behaviours and child adjustment during middle childhood. A sample of 95 children, 95 mothers and 94 fathers was recruited from Kisumu, Kenya. Our results indicated that controlling for child gender and parents' education, mothers' and fathers' higher collectivism values were associated with higher expectations regarding children's family obligations. Children of mothers who were more individualistic perceived that less was required of them in terms of family obligations. Mothers' conformity values were associated with more maternal and paternal warmth, and higher maternal expectations regarding children's family obligations, controlling for child gender and mothers' education. Mothers' education was significantly associated with more maternal and paternal warmth, more parental knowledge solicitation and higher paternal expectations regarding children's family obligations. Fathers' and mothers' individualism was associated with lower expectations regarding children's family obligations. Fathers' individualism was positively correlated with knowledge solicitation and more rules/limit-setting. Fathers' higher conformity values were correlated with more maternal warmth, more paternal warmth, more knowledge solicitation and mothers' and fathers' higher expectations regarding children's family obligations.