Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth.
Isabell Katharina RumrichOtto HänninenMatti VilukselaKirsi VähäkangasPublished in: International journal of environmental research and public health (2021)
Many long-term adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy are known. Increasingly, adverse effects in the grandchild after grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy are reported. We explored this in a birth cohort of 24,000 grandmother-mother-child triads identified from the Finnish Medical Birth Register in 1991-2016. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between any smoking during pregnancy by both grandmother and mother, or only grandmother or mother on adverse birth outcomes. No smoking by neither grandmother nor mother was used as the reference. As endpoints, preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age (birth weight, birth length, head circumference), and body proportionality (low ponderal index, high brain-to-body ratio, high head-to-length ratio) were included. Smoking by both grandmother and mother was consistently associated with higher risks than smoking only by the mother. Birth length and weight were especially sensitive to (grand)maternal smoking. In conclusion, the combined effect of grandmaternal and maternal smoking is associated with higher risks than only maternal smoking.
Keyphrases
- gestational age
- birth weight
- preterm birth
- smoking cessation
- low birth weight
- weight gain
- emergency department
- type diabetes
- body mass index
- pregnancy outcomes
- human milk
- physical activity
- weight loss
- optical coherence tomography
- metabolic syndrome
- multiple sclerosis
- skeletal muscle
- blood brain barrier
- insulin resistance
- resting state
- functional connectivity
- drug induced