Reverse translation identifies the synergistic role of immune checkpoint blockade and IL-15 to enhance immunotherapy of ovarian cancer.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has changed the standard of care for many patients with cancer, yet no ICB is approved for ovarian cancer. We hypothesized that maintenance therapy with an IL-15 "superagonist" (N-803) and ICB in combination could induce potent immune activation in ovarian cancer. Using flow cytometry, cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) analysis, and cytotoxicity assays, we analyzed patient samples from women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer treated with N-803 for indications of PD-1/PD-L1 upregulation with this treatment. In addition, ICB and N-803 were evaluated in pre-clinical studies to determine the functional impact of combination therapy on NK cells in vitro and in vivo. We observed that N-803 stimulated initial NK-cell expansion in patient samples, however, proliferation was not sustained beyond two weeks despite continued treatment. This result was reverse translated back to the laboratory to determine the functional relevance of this finding. The addition of ICB with an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity IgG1 antibody against PD-L1 (avelumab) or an IgG4 antibody against PD-1 (pembrolizumab) enhanced N-803 induced NK-cell function in vitro. Using models of human ovarian cancer and NK-cell adoptive transfer in mice, we showed enhanced antitumor control with N-803 and ICB, as well as a combination effect that enhanced NK-cell persistence and expansion in vivo. This work suggests that PD-1/PD-L1 blockade combined with IL-15 signaling may overcome resistance to cytokine therapy in ovarian cancer.