The Genetic Basis Underpinning Sexually Selected Traits across Different Animal Lineages: Are There Genetic Mechanisms in Common?

Sexual selection involving female choice or female preference ('inter-sexual' selection) and/or male-male competition ('intra-sexual' selection) is one of the key mechanisms for evolutionary diversification and speciation. In particular, sexual selection is recently suggested to be an important mode to drive the evolution of the "novel" phenotype (i.e., "evolutionary novelty"). Despite extensive studies performed on sexually selected traits or male-specific ornaments (or weapon-like structures) with respect to their evolutionary origin, history and fitness benefits, relatively little is known about the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying their developmental process. However, with advances in genomic technologies (including whole transcriptome analysis using Next Generation Sequencing [NGS] techniques; RNA-Seq), progress has been made to unveil the genetic background underpinning diverse sexually selected traits in different animal taxa. In the present review, empirical data on the genes, genetic mechanisms, or regulatory pathways underlying various sexually selected traits were compiled to explore whether "common" genetic architectures shape the development and evolution of these traits across evolutionarily distant animal lineages. It is shown that the recruitment of the pre-existing genetic network for a new purpose (i.e., gene network "co-option") is rather widespread in the development and evolution of sexually selected traits, indicating that particular genes or gene sets are repeatedly involved in different sexually selected traits. Information on genes or genetic mechanisms regulating the development of sexually selected traits is an essential piece to complete a whole picture of the origin and evolution of sexually selected traits.