Pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy may improve antitumor immune response via reduction of regulatory T cells in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

The prognosis for patients who achieve a pathologic complete response in bladder cancer is excellent, but the association between their prognosis and the tumor microenvironment is unclear. We investigated the tumor immune microenvironment of those with pathological complete response after platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for cT2-4aN0M0 bladder cancer using multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Our retrospective study included 12 patients with pathological complete response who underwent radical cystectomy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for cT2-4aN0M0 muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We assessed the density of several immune cell types in pretreatment and posttreatment tissues via multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemical analysis. The median age was 67 years; 10 patients were male. Nine (75%) and 3 (25%) patients were cT2 and cT3, respectively. The 5-year progression-free and overall survivals were 90% and 100%, respectively. The densities of regulatory T cells (Treg; CD3 + CD4 + FoxP3 + cell) were significantly decreased and almost disappeared in the tumor microenvironment of posttreatment tissue compared with pretreatment tissue. Other immune cells, such as effector T cells or M2 macrophages, were not significantly changed between posttreatment and pretreatment tissues. In pathological complete response, Tregs in the tumor immune microenvironment were significantly decreased after platinum-based chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The temporary arresting of immune response in the tumor microenvironment may reflect a favorable prognosis due to the decrease of Tregs with tumor shrinkage and improve the host tumor immune response.