CCS is age-dependent, leading cause of death worldwide with high hospitalization rates. Stress-echocardiography defines phenotypes and guides prophylaxis and management. CAC is a surrogate for atherosclerosis burden, best for patients of intermediate/borderline risk. Higher CAC-scores indicate more severe coronary abnormalities. CCTA is preferred for noninvasive detection of CAC and atherosclerosis burden, determining stenosis' functional significance, and guiding management. Combining CAC score with CCTA improves diagnostic yield and assists prognosis. Echocardiography assesses LV wall-motion and function and valvular disease. Biomarkers guide diagnosis/prognosis. CCS management is multidisciplinary: risk-factor management, anti-inflammatory/anti-ischemic/antithrombotic therapies, and revascularization. Newer therapies comprise colchicine, ivabradine, ranolazine, melatonin, glucagon-like peptide-1-receptor antagonists. Cardiac rehabilitation/exercise improves physical activity and quality-of-life. An ICD protects from sudden death. Extracorporeal shockwave-revascularization treats refractory symptoms.
Keyphrases
- physical activity
- coronary artery disease
- computed tomography
- coronary artery
- cardiovascular disease
- risk factors
- atrial fibrillation
- coronary artery bypass grafting
- ejection fraction
- anti inflammatory
- left ventricular
- type diabetes
- end stage renal disease
- heart failure
- newly diagnosed
- prognostic factors
- early onset
- peritoneal dialysis
- mass spectrometry
- aortic stenosis
- blood pressure
- brain injury
- high resolution
- resistance training
- body mass index
- blood brain barrier
- label free
- quality improvement
- patient reported
- subarachnoid hemorrhage