Is educational attainment associated with the onset and outcomes of low back pain? a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We found no consistent evidence that lower EA increases the risk of LBP onset. Lower EA shows a consistent association with worse LBP outcomes measured at least 3 months later after acute onset with inconclusive findings in subacute LBP. Causation cannot be supported owing to study designs. High-quality research is needed on potential mechanisms to explain these effects.