Influence of smoking on the healing of conservatively treated displaced midshaft clavicle fractures.
Gilles DietrichAlexandre TerrierMelissa FavreJolanda ElmersLaurie StocktonDino SoppelsaStéphane CherixFrederic VauclairPublished in: The bone & joint journal (2023)
Smoking confers a RR of 3.68 for developing a nonunion in patients with a displaced middle third clavicle fracture treated conservatively. We know that most patients with pseudarthrosis will have pain and a poor functional outcome. Therefore, patients should be informed of the significantly higher risks of nonunion and offered smoking cessation efforts and counselling. Moreover, surgery should be considered for any patient who smokes with this type of fracture.
Keyphrases
- smoking cessation
- replacement therapy
- newly diagnosed
- end stage renal disease
- ejection fraction
- minimally invasive
- chronic pain
- prognostic factors
- peritoneal dialysis
- neuropathic pain
- risk assessment
- spinal cord
- human health
- patient reported outcomes
- acute coronary syndrome
- spinal cord injury
- coronary artery disease
- hepatitis c virus
- percutaneous coronary intervention
- antiretroviral therapy
- human immunodeficiency virus