The Signaling Pathways Involved in Chondrocyte Differentiation and Hypertrophic Differentiation.
Jianmei LiShiwu DongPublished in: Stem cells international (2016)
Chondrocytes communicate with each other mainly via diffusible signals rather than direct cell-to-cell contact. The chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is well regulated by the interactions of varieties of growth factors, cytokines, and signaling molecules. A number of critical signaling molecules have been identified to regulate the differentiation of chondrocyte from mesenchymal progenitor cells to their terminal maturation of hypertrophic chondrocytes, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), SRY-related high-mobility group-box gene 9 (Sox9), parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), and β-catenin. Except for these molecules, other factors such as adenosine, O2 tension, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) also have a vital role in cartilage formation and chondrocyte maturation. Here, we outlined the complex transcriptional network and the function of key factors in this network that determine and regulate the genetic program of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation.
Keyphrases
- mesenchymal stem cells
- reactive oxygen species
- transcription factor
- cell therapy
- stem cells
- single cell
- signaling pathway
- umbilical cord
- extracellular matrix
- cell death
- genome wide
- dna damage
- bone mineral density
- oxidative stress
- dna methylation
- pi k akt
- quality improvement
- postmenopausal women
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- bone loss
- bone regeneration