Refractory Helicobacter pylori infection in Australia: updated multicentre antimicrobial resistance.

This first multicentre, multistate study of H. pylori resistance in Australian patients exposed to prior therapy demonstrated high rates of antimicrobial resistance, including levofloxacin (>20%). This raises concern about recommending levofloxacin in empirical second-line therapies. Increased monitoring and awareness of current H. pylori resistance rates in Australia are needed to guide local eradication practices.