ERK2 Mutations Affect Interactions, Localization, and Dimerization.

The most frequent ERK2 (MAPK1) mutation in cancers, E322K, lies in the common docking (CD) site, which binds short motifs made up of basic and hydrophobic residues present in the activators MEK1 (MAP2K1) and MEK2 (MAP2K2), in dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) that inactivate the kinases, and in many of their substrates. Also, part of the CD site, but mutated less often in cancers, is the preceding aspartate (D321N). These mutants were categorized as gain of function in a sensitized melanoma system. In Drosophila developmental assays, we found that the aspartate but not the glutamate mutant caused gain-of-function phenotypes. Here, we catalogued additional properties of these mutants to accrue greater insight into their functions. A modest increase in nuclear retention of E322K was noted. Binding of ERK2 E322K and D321N to a small group of substrates and regulatory proteins was similar, in spite of differences in CD site integrity. Interactions with a second docking site, the F site, which should be more accessible in E322K, were modestly reduced rather than increased. The crystal structure of ERK2 E322K also indicated a disturbed dimer interface, and reduced dimerization was detected by a two-hybrid test; yet, it was detected in dimers in EGF-treated cells, although to a lesser extent than D321N or wt ERK2. These findings indicate a range of small differences in behaviors that may contribute to increased function of E322K in certain cancers.