Completely epicardial implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) and CRT-D systems: A case series and systematic literature review.

Johanna B TonkoChristopher BlauthEric RosenthalChristopher A Rinaldi

Published in: Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2021)

The use of epicardial defibrillation coils for ICD/CRT-D is a feasible treatment option for patients with either failed or contraindicated transvenous ICD systems. Dedicated epicardial high voltage leads with integrated pace-sense electrodes and specialized delivery tools for minimal invasive implantations may improve longer term outcomes.

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