Human milk immune factors, maternal nutritional status, and infant sex: The INSPIRE study.
Beatrice CafféAaron BlackwellBethaney D FehrenkampJanet E WilliamsRyan M PaceKimberly A LackeyLorena RuizJuan M RodríguezMark A McGuireJames A FosterDaniel W SellenElizabeth W Kamau-MbuthiaEgidioh W KamundiaSamwel MbuguaSophie E MooreAndrew M PrenticeLinda J KvistGloria E OtooRossina G ParejaLars BodeDubale GebeyehuDebela K GindolaSarah BoothmanKatherine FloresMichelle K McGuireCourtney L MeehanPublished in: American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council (2023)
IgG concentrations were related to infant sex and maternal diet diversity, providing minimal support for the hypothesis. Given the lack of associations across other select immune factors, results suggest that the Trivers-Willard hypothesis may not be broadly applied to human milk immune factors as a measure of maternal investment, which are likely buffered against perturbations in maternal condition.