Role of TLRs in HIV-1 Infection and Potential of TLR Agonists in HIV-1 Vaccine Development and Treatment Strategies.
Marija RozmanSnjezana Zidovec LepejKarlo JambrosicMaja BabićIrena Drmić HofmanPublished in: Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a family of pattern recognition receptors, play an important role in the recognition of HIV-1 molecular structures by various cells of the innate immune system, but also provide a functional association with subsequent mechanisms of adaptive immunity. TLR7 and TLR8 play a particularly important role in the innate immune response to RNA viruses due to their ability to recognise GU-rich single-stranded RNA molecules and subsequently activate intracellular signalling pathways resulting in expression of genes coding for various biological response modifiers (interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines). The aim of this review is to summarise the most recent knowledge on the role of TLRs in the innate immune response to HIV-1 and the role of TLR gene polymorphisms in the biology and in the clinical aspects of HIV infections. In addition, the role of TLR agonists as latency reversing agents in research to treat HIV infections and as immunomodulators in HIV vaccine research will be discussed.
Keyphrases
- antiretroviral therapy
- hiv positive
- hiv infected
- hiv testing
- human immunodeficiency virus
- hiv aids
- immune response
- hepatitis c virus
- men who have sex with men
- toll like receptor
- innate immune
- inflammatory response
- south africa
- gene expression
- cell proliferation
- mass spectrometry
- genome wide
- risk assessment
- climate change
- nucleic acid
- cell death
- human health