Running-specific prosthesis' performance characterization by dynamic finite element approach.

The study found that as running speed increases, RSP stiffness, vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), and contact time decrease. The force-displacement profiles of RSP are nonlinear, but a linear function can be used to accurately represent their behavior at high sprinting speeds. Using higher RSP reduces energy efficiency and vGRF due to their lower stiffness. J-curve RSP result in higher stiffness, vGRF, and strain energy, while C-curve RSP are associated with longer contact times and higher energy efficiency.