Pancreatic Cancer Cell and Gene Biotherapies: Past, Present, and Future.

Solid cancers remain a major health challenge in terms of research, not only due to their structure and organization but also in the molecular and genetic variations present between tumors as well as within the same tumor. When adding on the tumor microenvironment with cancer-associated cells, vasculature, and the body's immune response (or lack of), the weapons used to tackle this disease must also be diverse and intricate. Developing gene-based therapies against tumors contributes to the diverse lines of attack already established for cancers and can potentially overcome certain obstacles encountered with these strategies, the lack of tumor selectivity with chemotherapies, for example. Given the high mortality and relapse rate associated with pancreatic cancer, novel treatments, including gene therapy, are actively being investigated. Even though no gene therapy for pancreatic cancer is currently on the market, a significant amount of clinical trials are underway, especially in active and recruiting or recently completed phases.