Ongoing declines for the world's amphibians in the face of emerging threats.
Jennifer A LuedtkeJanice ChansonKelsey NeamLouise HobinAdriano O MacielAlessandro CatenazziAmaël BorzéeAmir HamidyAnchalee AowpholAnderson JeanÁngel Sosa-BartuanoAnsel Fong GAnslem de SilvaAntoine FouquetAriadne AnguloArtem A KidovArturo Muñoz SaraviaArvin C DiesmosAtsushi TominagaBiraj ShresthaBrian GratwickeBurhan TjaturadiCarlos C Martínez RiveraCarlos R Vásquez AlmazánCelsa SeñarisS R ChandramouliChristine StrüssmannClaudia Fabiola Cortez FernándezClaudio AzatConrad J HoskinCraig Hilton-TaylorDamion L WhyteDavid J GowerDeanna H OlsonDiego F Cisneros-HerediaDiego José SantanaElizah NagombiElnaz Najafi-MajdEvan Seng Huat QuahFederico BolañosFeng XieFrancisco BrusquettiFrancisco S ÁlvarezFranco AndreoneFrank GlawFranklin Enrique CastañedaFred KrausGabriela Parra-OleaGerardo ChavesGuido Fabian Medina-RangelGustavo González-DuránH Mauricio Ortega-AndradeIberê F MachadoIndraneil DasIuri Ribeiro DiasJ Nicolás Urbina-CardonaJelka Crnobrnja-IsailovićJian-Huan YangJiang JianpingJigme Tshelthrim WangyalJodi J L RowleyG John MeaseyKarthikeyan VasudevanKin Onn ChanKotambylu Vasudeva GururajaKristiina OvaskaLauren C WarrLuis Canseco-MárquezLuís Felipe ToledoLuis M DíazM Monirul H KhanMadhava MeegaskumburaManuel E AcevedoMarcelo Felgueiras NapoliMarcos A PonceMarcos VairaMargarita LampoMario H Yánez-MuñozMark D ScherzMark-Oliver RödelMasafumi MatsuiMaxon FildorMirza D KusriniMohammad Firoz AhmedMuhammad RaisN'Goran G KouaméNieves GarcíaNono Legrand GonwouoPatricia A BurrowesPaul Y ImbunPhilipp WagnerPhilippe J R KokRafael L JoglarRenoir J AugusteReuber Albuquerque BrandãoRoberto IbáñezRudolf von MayS Blair HedgesS D BijuS R GaneshSally WrenSandeep DasSandra V FlechasSara L AshpoleSilvia J Robleto-HernándezSimon P LoaderSixto J IncháusteguiSonali GargSoumphthone PhimmachakStephen J RichardsTahar SlimaniTamara Osborne-NaikatiniTatianne P F Abreu-JardimThais H CondezThiago R De CarvalhoTimothy P CutajarTodd W PiersonTruong Q NguyenUğur KayaZhiyong YuanBarney LongPenny LanghammerSimon N StuartPublished in: Nature (2023)
Systematic assessments of species extinction risk at regular intervals are necessary for informing conservation action 1,2 . Ongoing developments in taxonomy, threatening processes and research further underscore the need for reassessment 3,4 . Here we report the findings of the second Global Amphibian Assessment, evaluating 8,011 species for the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. We find that amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class (40.7% of species are globally threatened). The updated Red List Index shows that the status of amphibians is deteriorating globally, particularly for salamanders and in the Neotropics. Disease and habitat loss drove 91% of status deteriorations between 1980 and 2004. Ongoing and projected climate change effects are now of increasing concern, driving 39% of status deteriorations since 2004, followed by habitat loss (37%). Although signs of species recoveries incentivize immediate conservation action, scaled-up investment is urgently needed to reverse the current trends.