Targeting metabolic driving and intermediate influx in lysine catabolism for high-level glutarate production.

Various biosynthetic pathways have been designed to explore sustainable production of glutarate, an attractive C5 building block of polyesters and polyamides. However, its efficient production has not been achieved in Escherichia coli. Here, we use E. coli native lysine catabolic machinery for glutarate biosynthesis. This endogenous genes-only design can generate strong metabolic driving force to maximize carbon flux toward glutarate biosynthesis by replenishing glutamate and NAD(P)H for lysine biosynthesis, releasing lysine feedback inhibition, and boosting oxaloacetate supply. We use native transporters to overcome extracellular accumulation of cadaverine and 5-aminovalerate. With these efforts, both high titer (54.5 g L-1) and high yield (0.54 mol mol-1 glucose) of glutarate production are achieved under fed-batch conditions. This work demonstrates the power of redirecting carbon flux and the role of transporters to decrease intermediate accumulation.