TLR2 and TLR4 activity in monocytes and macrophages after exposure to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and erythromycin.

These results suggest that some antibiotics may attenuate TLR-dependent monocyte/macrophage responses and likely reduce bacterial clearance. The latter is particularly important in infections with AMR bacteria, where misprescribed antibiotics not only fail in control of AMR infections but might also weaken host defence mechanisms by limiting innate immune responses. Our data suggest that efforts should be made to prevent the deterioration of the immune response during and after antibiotic treatment.