Nebulised granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Patients with aPAP treated with inhaled GM-CSF demonstrated significant improvements in symptoms, dyspnoea scores, lung function, gas exchange and radiology indices after treatment with nebulised GM-CSF of varying duration. There is an important need to review comparative effectiveness and patient choice in key clinical outcomes between the current standard of care, whole lung lavage, with the noninvasive treatment of nebulised GM-CSF in aPAP.