Management Strategies to Mitigate N 2 O Emissions in Agriculture.

The concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere has been increasing since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is one of the mightiest GHGs, and agriculture is one of the main sources of N 2 O emissions. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanisms triggering N 2 O emissions and the role of agricultural practices in their mitigation. The amount of N 2 O produced from the soil through the combined processes of nitrification and denitrification is profoundly influenced by temperature, moisture, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen contents. These factors can be manipulated to a significant extent through field management practices, influencing N 2 O emission. The relationships between N 2 O occurrence and factors regulating it are an important premise for devising mitigation strategies. Here, we evaluated various options in the literature and found that N 2 O emissions can be effectively reduced by intervening on time and through the method of N supply (30-40%, with peaks up to 80%), tillage and irrigation practices (both in non-univocal way), use of amendments, such as biochar and lime (up to 80%), use of slow-release fertilizers and/or nitrification inhibitors (up to 50%), plant treatment with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (up to 75%), appropriate crop rotations and schemes (up to 50%), and integrated nutrient management (in a non-univocal way). In conclusion, acting on N supply (fertilizer type, dose, time, method, etc.) is the most straightforward way to achieve significant N 2 O reductions without compromising crop yields. However, tuning the rest of crop management (tillage, irrigation, rotation, etc.) to principles of good agricultural practices is also advisable, as it can fetch significant N 2 O abatement vs. the risk of unexpected rise, which can be incurred by unwary management.