Multidimensional profiling depicts infiltrating immune cell heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment of stage IA non-small cell lung cancer.

Our study highlighted the heterogeneity and dynamics of infiltrating immune cells in stage IA NSCLC TME, featured by M1 TAM enrichment in tumor parenchyma. Age, driver mutation type, TMB, and PD-L1 level were found to associate with immune cell infiltration in the TME, shedding light on immunotherapy development.