PD-1 and beyond to Activate T Cells in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Cancers: The Case for 4-1BB and VISTA Antibodies in Combination Therapy.
Quentin WrightJazmina L G CruzJames W WellsGraham R LeggattPublished in: Cancers (2021)
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) have a higher incidence than all other cancers combined with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), capable of metastasis, representing approximately 20% of NMSCs. Given the accessibility of the skin, surgery is frequently employed to treat localized disease, although certain localities, the delineation of clear margins, frequency and recurrence of tumors can make these cancers inoperable in a subset of patients. Other treatment modalities, including cryotherapy, are commonly used for individual lesions, with varying success. Immunotherapy, particularly with checkpoint antibodies, is increasingly a promising therapeutic approach in many cancers, offering the potential advantage of immune memory for protection against lesion recurrence. This review addresses a role for PD-1, 4-1BB and VISTA checkpoint antibodies as monotherapies, or in combination as a therapeutic treatment for both early and late-stage cSCC.
Keyphrases
- combination therapy
- squamous cell carcinoma
- dna damage
- growth factor
- squamous cell
- minimally invasive
- soft tissue
- cell cycle
- risk factors
- coronary artery bypass
- cell proliferation
- oxidative stress
- replacement therapy
- working memory
- atrial fibrillation
- childhood cancer
- chronic kidney disease
- young adults
- climate change
- rectal cancer
- percutaneous coronary intervention
- coronary artery disease
- patient reported
- human health