In vitro metabolism of triclosan studied by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry.

Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial and antifungal compound found in many hygiene products, including toothpaste, soap, and detergents. However, this molecule can act as an endocrine disruptor and can induce harmful effects on human health and the environment. In this study, triclosan was biotransformed in vitro using human and rat liver fractions, to evaluate oxidative metabolism, the formation of reactive metabolites via the detection of GSH adducts, as well as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). A deuterated analog of triclosan was also employed for better structural elucidation of specific metabolic sites. Several GSH adducts were found, either via oxidative metabolism of triclosan or its cleavage product, 2,4-dichlorophenol. We also detected glucuronide and sulfated conjugates of triclosan and its cleaved product. This study was aimed at understanding the routes of detoxification of this xenobiotic, as well as investigating any potential pathways related to additional toxicity via reactive metabolite formation. Graphical abstract.