Natural Blockers of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction for the Immunotherapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer-Brain Metastasis.
Maryam NakhjavaniSarah ShigdarPublished in: Cancers (2022)
The limited treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer with brain metastasis (TNBC-BM) have left the door of further drug development for these patients wide open. Although immunotherapy via monoclonal antibodies has shown some promising results in several cancers including TNBC, it cannot be considered the most effective treatment for brain metastasis. This is due to the protective role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which limits the entrance of most drugs, especially the bulky ones such as antibodies, to the brain. For a drug to traverse the BBB via passive diffusion, various physicochemical properties should be considered. Since natural medicine has been a key inspiration for the development of the majority of current medicines, in this paper, we review several naturally-derived molecules which have the potential for immunotherapy via blocking the interaction of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1. The mechanism of action, physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics of these molecules and their theoretical potential to be used for the treatment of TNBC-BM are discussed.
Keyphrases
- resting state
- white matter
- functional connectivity
- blood brain barrier
- cerebral ischemia
- end stage renal disease
- newly diagnosed
- ejection fraction
- peritoneal dialysis
- minimally invasive
- risk assessment
- multiple sclerosis
- emergency department
- human health
- combination therapy
- small molecule
- patient reported outcomes
- amino acid
- drug induced
- brain injury
- replacement therapy