Imaging breast malignancies with the Twente Photoacoustic Mammoscope 2.

Clinical measurements on breast cancer patients were performed with a three-dimensional tomographic photoacoustic prototype imager (PAM 2). Patients with a suspicious lesion, visiting the center for breast care of a local hospital, were included in the study. The acquired photoacoustic images were compared to conventional clinical images. Of 30 scanned patients, 19 were diagnosed with one or more malignancies, of which a subset of four patients was selected for detailed analysis. Reconstructed images were processed to enhance image quality and the visibility of blood vessels. Processed photoacoustic images were compared to contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images where available, which aided in localizing the expected tumoral region. In two cases, spotty high-intensity photoacoustic signals could be seen in the tumoral region, attributable to the tumor. One of these cases also displayed a relatively high image entropy at the tumor site, likely related to the chaotic vascular networks associated with malignancies. For the other two cases, it was not possible to identify features indicative of malignancy, because of limitations in the illumination scheme and difficulties in locating the region of interest in the photoacoustic image.