Vascular Extracellular Vesicles Indicate Severe Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in Cirrhosis.

High levels of plasma EC-EV levels were found in patients with HPS with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine cargoes. EC-EVs were indicative of severe HPS condition. In the CBDL HPS model, we were able to prove the beneficial effects of improving vascular tone, inflammation, and liver pathogenesis.