What factors help and hinder efforts to address incivility in Australasian emergency departments? A modified Delphi study of FACEM perspectives.

The causes of incivility in Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand EDs are complex and highlight incivility in EDs as a key adaptive leadership challenge of emergency physicians. Fundamentally, the results underscore the need to foster a workplace culture of respect, inclusion and civility in Australasian hospitals.