Recent Advances on Cerium Oxide Based Biomaterials: Towards the Next Generation of Intelligent Theranostics Platform.

Disease or organ damage due to unhealthy living habits, or accidents is inevitable. Discovering an efficient strategy to address these problems is urgently needed in the clinic. In recent years, the biological applications of nanotechnology have received extensive attention. Among them, as a widely used rare earth oxide, cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) has shown good application prospects in biomedical fields due to its attractive physical and chemical properties. Here, we elucidate the enzyme-like mechanism of CeO 2 and review the latest research progress in the biomedical field. At the nanoscale, Ce ions in CeO 2 can be reversibly converted between +3 and +4. The conversion process is accompanied by the generation and elimination of oxygen vacancies, which give CeO 2 the performance of dual redox properties. This property facilitates nano-CeO 2 to catalyze the scavenging of excess free radicals in organisms, hence providing a possibility for the treatment of oxidative stress diseases, such as diabetic foot, arthritis, degenerative neurological diseases, and cancer. In addition, relying on its excellent catalytic properties, customizable life-signaling factor detectors based on electrochemical techniques have been developed. At the end of this review, we provide an outlook on the opportunities and challenges of CeO 2 in various fields. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.