Selected Fungicides as Potential EDC Estrogenic Micropollutants in the Environment.
Agata Jabłońska-TrypućUrszula WydroElżbieta WołejkoMarcin MakułaRafał KrętowskiMonika NaumowiczGabriela SokołowskaJ LLuís Serra-MajemMarzanna Cechowska-PaskoBożena ŁozowickaPiotr KaczyńskiJózefa WiaterPublished in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
An increasing level of pesticide exposition is being observed as a result of the consumption of large amounts of fruits, vegetables and grain products, which are key components of the vegetarian diet. Fungicides have been classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds, but their mechanisms of action have not yet been clarified. The effect of boscalid (B), cyprodinil (C) and iprodione (I) combined with Tamoxifen (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) on cell viability, cell proliferation, reporter gene expression, ROS content, the cell membrane's function, cell morphology and antioxidant enzymes gene expression in MCF-7 and T47D-KBluc cell lines were investigated. The cell lines were chosen due to their response to 17β -estradiol. The selected fungicides are commonly used in Poland to protect crops against fungi. Our results revealed that the studied fungicides caused significant increases in cell viability and proliferation, and estrogenic activity was present in all studied compounds depending on their concentrations. Oxidative stress activated uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation by inducing ROS production and by inhibiting antioxidant defense. Our findings verify that the studied fungicides could possibly exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties and exposure should be avoided.
Keyphrases
- gene expression
- oxidative stress
- cell proliferation
- estrogen receptor
- dna damage
- dna methylation
- signaling pathway
- single cell
- cell death
- breast cancer cells
- reactive oxygen species
- anti inflammatory
- risk assessment
- physical activity
- crispr cas
- solid state
- pi k akt
- induced apoptosis
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- wastewater treatment
- atomic force microscopy
- positive breast cancer
- heat stress
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- heavy metals
- single molecule
- mesenchymal stem cells
- heat shock