The effects of vitamin B12 deficiency on retina and optic disk vascular density.

Published in: International ophthalmology (2021)

Vitamin B12 deficiency has diverse effects on ocular structures and retinal vasculature. Decreased VDs and increased FAZ may be associated with severe ocular alterations in the long term, which should be further investigated.

Keyphrases

optic nerve
optical coherence tomography
diabetic retinopathy
replacement therapy
high resolution
atomic force microscopy
drug induced