Emerging Strategies of Engineering and Tracking Dendritic Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Dendritic cells (DCs), a kind of specialized immune cells, play key roles in antitumor immune response and promotion of innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, many strategies have been developed to utilize DCs in cancer therapy, such as delivering antigens and adjuvants to DCs and using scaffold to recruit and activate DCs. Here we outline how different DC subsets influence antitumor immunity, summarize the FDA-approved vaccines and cancer vaccines under clinical trials, discuss the strategies for engineering DCs and noninvasive tracking of DCs to improve antitumor immunotherapy, and reveal the potential of artificial neural networks for the design of DC based vaccines.